Global motion compensation
In block motion compensation (BMC), the frames are partitioned in blocks of pixels (e.g. macroblocks of 16×16 pixels in MPEG). Each block is predicted from a block of equal size in the reference frame. The blocks are not transformed in any way apart from being shifted to the position of the predicted block. This shift is represented by a motion vector.
The motion vectors are the parameters of this motion model and have to be encoded into the bit-stream. As the motion vectors are not always independent (e.g. if two neighbouring blocks belong to the same moving object), they are usually encoded differentially to save bit-rate. This means that the difference of the motion vector and the neighbouring motion vector(s) encoded before is encoded. (The result of this differencing process is mathematically equivalent to a global motion compensation capable of panning.) An entropy codec can exploit the resulting statistical distribution of the motion vectors (around the zero vector).
It is possible to shift blocks by non-integer vectors, which is called sub-pixel precision. This is done by interpolating the pixel's values. Usually, the precision of the motion vectors is increased by one bit: half-pixel precision. The computational expense of sub-pixel precision is much higher, due to the interpolation required.
The main disadvantage of block motion compensation is that it introduces discontinuities at the block borders (blocking artifacts). These artifacts appear in the form of sharp horizontal and vertical edges which are easily spotted by the human eye and produce ringing effects (large coefficients in high frequency sub-bands) in the Fourier-related transform used for transform coding of the residual frames.
Block motion compensation divides up the current frame into non-overlapping blocks, and the motion compensation vector tells where those blocks come from (a common misconception is that the previous frame is divided up into non-overlapping blocks, and the motion compensation vectors tell where those blocks move to). The source blocks typically overlap in the source frame. Some video compression algorithms assemble the current frame out of pieces of several different previously-transmitted frames.

Block motion compensation
Variable block-size motion compensation (VBSMC) is the use of BMC with the ability for the encoder to dynamically select the size of the blocks. When coding video, the use of larger blocks can reduce the number of bits needed to represent the motion vectors, while the use of smaller blocks can result in a smaller amount of prediction residual information to encode. Older designs such as H.261 and MPEG-1 video typically use a fixed block size, while newer ones such as H.263, MPEG-4 Part 2, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, and VC-1 give the encoder the ability to dynamically choose what block size will be used to represent the motion.

Variable block-size motion compensation
Overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) is a good solution to these problems because it not only increases prediction accuracy but also avoids blocking artifacts. When using OBMC, blocks are typically twice as big in each dimension and overlap quadrant-wise with all 8 neighbouring blocks. Thus, each pixel belongs to 4 blocks. In such a scheme, there are 4 predictions for each pixel which are summed up to a weighted mean. For this purpose, blocks are associated with a window function that has the property that the sum of 4 overlapped windows is equal to 1 everywhere.
Studies of methods for reducing the complexity of OBMC have shown that the contribution to the window function is smallest for the diagonally-adjacent block. Reducing the weight for this contribution to zero and increasing the other weights by an equal amount leads to a substantial reduction in complexity without a large penalty in quality. In such a scheme, each pixel then belongs to 3 blocks rather than 4, and rather than using 8 neighboring blocks, only 4 are used for each block to be compensated. Such a scheme is found in the H.263 Annex F Advanced Prediction mode

Quarter Pixel (QPel) and Half Pixel motion compensation
Motion estimation (BME, OBME) is the process of finding optimal or near-optimal motion vectors. The amount of prediction error for a block is often measured using the mean squared error (MSE) or sum of absolute differences (SAD) between the predicted and actual pixel values over all pixels of the motion-compensated region.
To find optimal motion vectors, one basically has to calculate the block prediction error for each motion vector within a certain search range and pick the one that has the best compromise between the amount of error and the number of bits needed for motion vector data. The motion estimation technique of simply exhaustively testing all possible motion representations to perform such an optimization is called full search. A faster method, which is sub-optimal with respect to rate-distortion, is to use a coarse search grid for a first approximation and to refine the grid in the surrounding of this approximation in further steps. One common method is the 3-step search, which uses search grids of 3×3 motion vectors and 3 refinement steps to get an overall search range of 15×15 pixel.
For OBME, the pixel-wise prediction errors of a block and its overlapping neighbouring blocks have to be weighted and summed according to the window function before being squared. As in the process of successively finding/refining motion vectors some neighbouring MVs are not known yet, the corresponding prediction errors can be ignored (not added) as a sub-optimal solution.
The major disadvantages of OBMC are increased computational complexity of OBME, and the fact that prediction errors and, thus, also the optimal motion vectors depend on neighbouring blocks/motion vectors. Therefore, there is no algorithm with polynomial computational complexity that guarantees optimal motion vectors. However, there are near-optimal iterative and non-iterative methods with acceptable computational complexity.

The view over the Itchen Valley from Midanbury
Coordinates: 50°55′34″N 1°21′53″W / 50.926, -1.3646
Midanbury is a small suburb of Southampton, England, bordering Bitterne, Bitterne Park and Townhill Park.

Today
The shop "Alldays" (now a branch of the Co-Op) on Midanbury Broadway briefly made headlines in 2002, when it was revealed that store staff had caught a shoplifter and requested the police attend, but the police responded that they were too busy and asked the staff to make sure the shoplifter was caught on CCTV before letting him go. The incident was reported in most tabloid newspapers and was a source of embarrassment to Hampshire Constabulary.

Oleg Alexandrovich Malyshkin (Russian: Оле́г Алекса́ндрович Малышкин) is a Russian politician and member of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia. He is a member of the State Duma of Russia and stood for President in the Russian presidential election, 2004.
Born on April 7, 1951 in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, Malyshkin graduated from the Polytechnic Institute in Novocherkassk as a mining engineer. He was a professional boxer (12 wins by knock-outs) and soccer player. As soccer defender he competed for Torpedo Taganrog, Uralan and some clubs from Rostov-on-Don mainly in Soviet Second League[1].
He entered politics in 1991 as a member of Vladimir Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and working in the party offices in Moscow. In 1997, he won election as head of the Tatsinsky District in Rostov Oblast and served until 2001. He governed the district in an authoritarian, statist manner, introducing strict price controls for food and visiting the grain elevator accompanied by armed guards in order to resolve a dispute between the enterprise and his administration.
In 2001, Malyshkin returned to Moscow and resumed his post in the LDPR's head office, becoming Chief of Staff to Vladimir Zhirinovsky's security and being nominated as Vice Chairman of the party.
In 2003, he was elected to the State Duma. He quickly established himself as just as fiery and hot-headed as his party's leader, assaulting former economic adviser to prime minister Mikhail Delyagin and Yabloko deputy chairman Sergey Mitrokhin on November 21, 2003. He serves on the State Duma's Committee on Defense.[2]
Malyshkin was a surprise choice for the LDPR's candidate in the Russian presidential election of 2004, as he was barely known outside Tatsinsky District and LDPR circles. However, it was widely assumed that Zhirinovsky chose not to run in this election as he realised it would be impossible for him to beat Vladimir Putin. Malyshkin made much of his credentials as a worker in the election, but found it difficult to be taken seriously as a candidate, particularly after his mother said she would not be voting for her son. Malyshkin also said throughout the campaign that, should he win, he would automatically step aside for LDPR leader Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Malyshkin won 1,393,940 votes, for 2% of the poll, coming fifth out of six candidates.
In April 2007 Vladimir Zhirinovsky announced that Malyshkin had been expelled from the LDPR's Duma faction for refusing to participate in regional elections in Russia the previous month. It was unclear whether Malyshkin had also been expelled from the party, and whether he would run for re-election in December 2007.

Dwight David Yoakam (born October 23, 1956) is an American country music singer, songwriter, and actor.

Biography
For a list of singles and albums, see Dwight Yoakam discography.

Holiday is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pasco County, Florida, United States. The population was 21,904 at the 2000 census.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 21,904 people, 10,428 households, and 6,298 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,572.0/km² (4,070.1/mi²). There were 12,788 housing units at an average density of 917.7/km² (2,376.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.13% White, 1.41% African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.90% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.85% from other races, and 1.37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.03% of the population.
There were 10,428 households out of which 19.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.0% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.6% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 20.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.61.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 17.3% children under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 32.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females there were 89.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $28,028, and the median income for a family was $34,756. Males had a median income of $26,745 versus $21,848 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,722. About 8.1% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

St Andrew's and St George's Church serves Edinburgh's New Town, in Scotland. It is a congregation of the Church of Scotland. The parish today constitutes the whole of the First New Town of Edinburgh and a small part of the early 19th century Second New Town of Edinburgh.

Ministry

Church of Scotland
List of Church of Scotland parishes

Bacterial flagellum
The archaeal flagellum is superficially similar to the bacterial (or eubacterial) flagellum; in the 1980s they were thought to be homologous on the basis of gross morphology and behavior (Cavalier-Smith, 1987). Both flagella consist of filaments extending outside of the cell, and rotate to propel the cell.
However, discoveries in the 1990s have revealed numerous detailed differences between the archaeal and bacterial flagella; these include:
These differences mean that the bacterial and archaeal flagella are a classic case of biological analogy, or convergent evolution, rather than homology. However, in comparison to the decades of well-publicized study of bacterial flagella (e.g. by Berg), archaeal flagella have only recently begun to get serious scientific attention. Therefore, many assume erroneously that there is only one basic kind of prokaryotic flagellum, and that archaeal flagella are homologous to it. For example, Cavalier-Smith (2002) is aware of the differences between archaeal and bacterial flagellins, but retains the misconception that the basal bodies are homologous. ions); archaeal flagella are almost certainly powered by ATP. The torque-generating motor that powers rotation of the archaeal flagellum has not been identified.
While bacterial cells often have many flagellar filaments, each of which rotates independently, the archaeal flagellum is composed of a bundle of many filaments that rotate as a single assembly.
Bacterial flagella grow by the addition of flagellin subunits at the tip; archaeal flagella grow by the addition of subunits to the base.
Bacterial flagella are thicker than archaeal flagella, and the bacterial filament has a large enough hollow "tube" inside that the flagellin subunits can flow up the inside of the filament and get added at the tip; the archaeal flagellum is too thin to allow this.
Many components of bacterial flagella share sequence similarity to components of the type III secretion systems, but the components of bacterial and archaeal flagella share no sequence similarity. Instead, some components of archaeal flagella share sequence and morphological similarity with components of type IV pili, which are assembled through the action of type II secretion systems (the nomenclature of pili and protein secretion systems is not consistent). Eukaryotic flagellum

Evolution of flagella