The New York Amsterdam News is a weekly newspaper geared for the African-American community of New York City. It was founded on December 4, 1909 by James Henry Anderson in Harlem, New York. At its height in the 1940's it had a circulation of 100,000 and was one of the four largest African-American newspapers in the United States. It has published columns by such notables as W.E.B. DuBois, Roy Wilkins, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. and Malcolm X.
In 1979 the paper changed from broadsheet to tabloid format.
The current editor and publisher is Elinor Tatum, daughter of Wilbert "Bill" Tatum, Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) Class of 1958.
See also: Media of New York City

A bathyscape, bathyscaphe, or bathyscaph is a free-diving self-propelled deep-sea diving submersible, consisting of a crew cabin similar to a bathysphere suspended below a float (rather than from a surface cable, as in the classic bathysphere design) The float is filled with petrol (gasoline) because this is readily available, buoyant, and for all practical purposes, incompressible. The incompressiblity of the petrol means the tanks can be lightly constructed as the pressure inside and outside of the tanks equalises and they are not required to withstand a significant pressure differential. Buoyancy can be trimmed easily by replacing petrol with water, which is denser. To descend, a bathyscaphe floods air tanks with sea water but unlike a submarine the water in the flooded tanks cannot be displaced with compressed air to ascend because the water pressures at the depths for which the craft was designed to operate are too great. For example, the pressure at the bottom of the Challenger Deep is more than seven times that in a standard "H-type" compressed gas cylinder. Instead, ballast in the form of iron shot is released to ascend, the shot being lost to the ocean floor. The iron shot containers are in the form of one or more hoppers which are open at the bottom throughout the dive, the iron shot being held in place by an electromagnet at the neck. This is a fail-safe device as it requires no power to ascend; in fact, in the event of a power failure, shot runs out by gravity and ascent is automatic.
Auguste Piccard, inventor of the first bathyscaphe, composed the name bathyscaphe using the Greek words bathys ("deep") and skaphos ("ship").
The first bathyscape was dubbed FNRS-2, named after the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, and built in Belgium between 1946-48 by Piccard. Propulsion was provided by battery-driven electric motors.
Piccard's second bathyscaphe was Trieste, which was purchased by the U.S. Navy in 1957. It had two water tanks and held 120,000 litres of petrol in eleven tanks for buoyancy [1]. In 1960 Trieste, carrying Piccard's son Jacques Piccard and Lt. Don Walsh, reached the deepest point on the earth's surface, the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench. As of 2006 the two are still the only people who did this. The onboard systems indicated a depth of 37,800 ft (11,521 m) but this was later corrected to 35,813 ft (10,916 m) by taking into account variations arising from salinity and temperature. Later and more accurate measurements made in 1995 have found the Challenger Deep to be shallower at 35,798 ft (10,911 m).

In popular culture

Bathyscaphes are a central plot element in the "De IJzeren Schelvis" (1955) episode of Willy Vandersteens Spike and Suzy comic series.
Bathyscaphe is also the name of a character in the anime series World of Narue. A scene in the show makes reference to the origins of the name in relation to the deep sea craft. In the show, Bathyscaphe is a starship which has taken the form of a sentient android whilst residing on Earth.

The Norwegian Defence Forces (Norwegian: Forsvaret) numbers about 30,000 personnel, including civilian employees. Norway has mandatory military service for males (6-12 months of training) and voluntary service for females.
Norwegian Defence Forces are subordinate to the Norwegian Ministry of Defence (headed by the Minister of Defence). The Commander-in-Chief is H.M. King Harald V.
Under the Constitution, the Minister of Defence is accountable to Parliament for all activities carried out by the agencies under his/her responsibility. This means that the Ministry, as part of the executive branch of government, is responsible for supervising the activity of its subordinate agencies, among other things by carrying out overall supervisory functions.
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) is from 2003 an integrated structure with civilian and military personnel. Subordinate to the MoD are the "Armed Forces' Military Organisation" as well as the three civilian agencies: the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), the National Security Agency and the Defence Estate Agency.
The main annual national exercise is Cold Response, held yearly, with all NATO member states invited.

Structure 2008

The General Council of an ancient university in Scotland is the corporate body of all graduates and senior academics of each university. They were instituted by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858, but each has had its constitution and organisation considerably altered by subsequent statutes.
The Act of 1858 established a tripartite structure of the General Council (advisory body), University Court (finance and administration), and Academic Senate (academic affairs).
The Chancellor of each university is elected by the General Council and is President of the Council.

History
Today, General Councils are generally limited in the issues to which it can competently contribute since its response time is essentially the six months between meetings. The Royal Commission of 1876, appointed to investigate the results of the act of 1858, found that, "the attendance at the meetings of Council is relatively very smalI," and the same comment is applicable today.
The University of St Andrews takes the winter meeting to other venues than St Andrews has been reasonably successful in boosting attendances. These meetings can be a good way to identify potential new members of Court. The University is keen to maintain a dialogue with graduates. There is the possibility in future that digital communications may assist members who are spread around the world to contribute.
The activities General Councils now are primarily geared towards consideration of the longer term future of each university and to promoting the history and culture connected with each university.

Balochistan, (Balochi, Pashto, Urdu: بلوچستان) is a province in Pakistan, the largest in the country by geographical area. It contains most of the historical region of Balochistan and is named after the Baloch. Its neighbouring regions are Iranian Balochistan to the west, Afghanistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas to the north and Punjab and Sindh to the east. To the south is the Arabian Sea. The principal languages in the province are Baluchi, Pashto, Brahui, and Persian. The capital and largest city is Quetta. Balochistan is believed to be rich in mineral resources. It is also a major supplier of natural gas to the country.

Geography
Very cold winters and hot summers characterise the climate of the upper highlands. Winters of the lower highlands vary from extremely cold in the northern districts to mild conditions closer to the Makran coast. Summers are hot and dry, especially the arid zones of Chaghai and Kharan districts. The plain areas are also very hot in summer with temperatures rising as high as 120 °F (50 °C). Winters are mild on the plains with the temperature never falling below the freezing point. The desert climate is characterised by hot and very arid conditions. Occasionally strong windstorms make these areas very inhospitable.

Climate
Balochistan has a population of around 10 million inhabitants. Overall, province wise, the Pashtun tribes are the largest ethnic group in the province and outnumber the native Baloch. They're continually higher birth rate and rapid expansion into Baloch territory will result in further demographic changes of this province. It is believed that the Baloch lost their majority status in Balochistan in the mid 1800's after the Pashtun tribes availed themselves to better infrastructure, health facilities and began to adopt a more settled life over the previous nomadic way of life. The Baloch still form the majority in the south and east of the province along the Sindh border and their ethnic kinsman project further into that province up to the river Indus, while the Pashtuns are the majority in the north. Quetta, the capital of the province, has a Pashtun majority with Baloch, Hazara, and Punjabi minorities. Near the Kalat region and other parts of the province there are significant numbers of Brahui speakers. Along the coast various Makrani Balochis predominate. Persian-speaking Dehwars also live in the Kalat region and further west towards the border with Iran. In addition, 769,000 Afghan refugees can be found in the province including Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras. Many Sindhi farmers have also moved to the more arable lands in the east. There are also a growing number of other(s) ethnic groups consisting of Hazara, Kurdish, Panjabi, Mohajir and Iranians who have made Balochistan their home in recent decades.

Demographics and society

Main article: History of Balochistan History
What is now Baluchistan province of Pakistan, in 7th century A.D was divided into two main regions, its south western parts were part of Kerman province of the Persian Empire and north eastern region was part of the Persian province Sistan. The southern region was included in Makran. In early 644 A.D, Caliph Umar sent Suhail ibn Adi from Busra to conquer the Kerman region of Iran; he was made governor of Kerman. From Kerman he entered the western Baluchistan and conquered the region near to Persian frontiers. Muslim forces latter re-gained the control of the area during Umayyads reign. It also remianed part of Abbasid Caliphate's empire.

Islamic conquest of Baluchistan
Balochis believe that their origins are Semitic and not Iranian contrary to linguistic and historical evidence. Balochis claim that they left their Aleppo homeland in Syria at some point during the 1st millennium CE and moved to Balochistan,
In 1998 Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in Ras Koh and in the Kharan desert, both in the Kharan District in north-western Balochistan.

History of Baloch people
The unicameral Provincial Assembly of Balochistan comprises 65 seats of which 4% are reserved for non-Muslims and 16% for women only.

Government
Balochistan is divided into 27 Pakistani districts.

Awaran
Barkhan
Bolan
Chagai
Dera Bugti
Gwadar
Jafarabad
Jhal Magsi
Kalat
Kharan
Kohlu
Khuzdar
Qilla Abdullah
Qilla Saifullah
Lasbela
Loralai
Mastung
Musakhel
Nasirabad
Nushki
Panjgur
Pishin
Quetta
Sibi
Turbat or Kech
Zhob
Ziarat Administrative division
The economy of the province is largely based upon the production of natural gas, coal and minerals. Outside Quetta, the infrastructure of the province is gradually developing but still lags far behind other parts of Pakistan. Tourism remains limited but has increased due to the exotic appeal of the province. Limited farming in the east as well as fishing along the Arabian Sea coastline are other forms of income and sustenance for the local populations. Due to the tribal lifestyle of many Baluch and Brahui, animal husbandry is important as are trading bazaars found throughout the province.
Though the province remains largely underdeveloped, there are currently several major development projects in progress in Balochistan, including the construction of a new deep sea port at the strategically important town of Gwadar. multipurpose project, on the River Dasht, 50 kilometres west of Turbat in the Makran Division. It will provide dependable irrigation supplies for the development of agriculture and add more than 35,000 km² of arable land. There is also Chinese involvement in the nearby Saindak gold and copper mining project.

Economy
There are five main public universities in Balochistan, as well as several private institutions.
This is a chart of the education market of Balochistan (Pakistan) estimated by the government in 1998. Also see [1]

Balochistan University of Engineering and Technology
Balochistan University of Information Technology and Management Sciences
Command and Staff College
Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University
University of Balochistan Education
In recent years, the presence of Afghan refugees disrupted the delicate ethnic balance in the province by making the Pashtuns at least numerically equal to the Baloch. The Baloch tribes have been the most prone to rebellion in Pakistan, in part due to their fiercely independent lifestyle as well as complaints at the lack of development and attention from the central government in Islamabad. These complaints have been partially addressed as the government has set-up schools and improved infrastructure near major settlements. Balochistan remains one of the most conservative provinces in Pakistan and women are expected to wear the hijab unlike in many large cities where there are fewer restrictions. The Baloch adhere to a clan-like structure and code of honour called mayar that bears some resemblance to Pashtunwali, but with significant differences including the Baloch hierarchy and allegiance to Sardars and subordinate Waderas, both tribal chieftains, that the more individualistic and egalitarian Pashtuns lack. The Sardars remain prominent in the province thanks in part to the British who boosted their authority. While many sardars encourage development and progress of their respective regions, many others are undermining federal initiates fearing that development of their regions will result in them losing their traditional and unquestionable authority over the local population. The Government of Pakistan has tried multiple approaches to appease both the local population and the tribal sardars who exert considerable influence. Recent government initiatives and development programs have resulted in considerable change taking place in Balochistan quite in contrast to the adjacent Balochistan provinces of Iran and Afghanistan which are often neglected. Pakistan has in recent years seen an influx of a large number of Baloch refugees from these neighbooring areas who have intermarried and integrated themselves into the local Baloch population. Many of these refugees have brought their rebellious tendencies (Iran) along with them much to the disdain of Pakistani government officials who are trying to integrate their own native Baloch population into the federal structure on a more equal basis. Pakistan's acceptance of Iranian and Afghan Baloch populations has strained its relations with its two neighbooring countries.

Famous people

Baloch
Perso-Baloch Boundary
Baloch Students Organization
Quetta
Gawadar
Marri and Bugti Country
Las Bela
Balochistan (region)
Balochistan (Iran)
Pashtuns
Brahui
List of cities in Balochistan
Chief Minister of Balochistan
Government of Balochistan

In U.S. politics, nonpartisan denotes an election in which the candidates do not declare or do not formally have a political party affiliation. It also denotes organizations that do not have formal alignment with a political party.
Nonpartisan elections are generally held for municipal and county offices, especially school board, and are also common in the election of judges. In some nonpartisan elections, it is common knowledge which candidates are members of and backed by which parties; in others, parties are almost wholly uninvolved and voters make choices with little or no regard to partisan considerations.
Some nonpartisan organizations are truly such; others are nominally nonpartisan but in fact are generally identifiable with one or the other of the two major national parties. For example, the National Rifle Association is technically a nonpartisan organization, but at the national level at least functions almost as an adjunct of the Republican Party. Conversely, the NAACP is technically a nonpartisan organization; however at the national level it has for many years functioned almost as a subsidiary organization to the Democratic Party. The same can be said of most right-to-life organizations with regard to the Republicans and of most U.S. labor unions with regard to the Democrats. Churches are by law supposed to remain nonpartisan in order to retain the status of contributions to them being tax-deductible (contributions to overtly partisan groups, even tax-exempt ones, are not); this has recently been called into question with regard to both many predominantly African-American churches being involved in Democratic activism and with many predominantly white evangelical churches being openly aligned with actvist groups largely associated with Republicans such as the Christian Coalition. On the other hand, the Brookings Institution, a Washington, D.C. think tank, has at various times in its history been headed by both identifiable Republicans as well as identifiable Democrats and hence would be judged by many to be nonpartisan in practice as well as in theory.
In U.S. history, the Non-Partisan League was an influential socialist political movement, especially in the Upper Midwest, particularly during the 1910s and 1920s. It also contributed much to the ideology of the former Progressive Party of Canada. It went into decline and merged with the Democratic Party of North Dakota to form the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party in 1956.
The unicameral Nebraska State Legislature is the only state legislature that is entirely nonpartisan.

Marin Mersenne, Marin Mersennus or le Père Mersenne (September 8, 1588 – September 1, 1648) was a French theologian, philosopher, mathematician and music theorist, often referred to as the "father of acoustics" (Bohn 1988:225).

Work
It was written as a commentary on the book of Genesis and comprises uneven sections headed by verses from the first three chapters of that book. At first sight the book may appear to be a collection of treatises on various miscellaneous topics. However Robert Lenoble has shown that the principle of unity in the work is a diatribe against magical and divinatory arts, cabalism, animistic and pantheistic philosophies. He mentions Martin Del Rio's Investigations into Magic and criticises Marsilio Ficino for claiming power for images and characters. He condemns astral magic and astrology and the anima mundi a concept popular amongst renaissance neo-platonists. Whilst allowing for a mystical interpretation of the Cabala, he wholeheartedly condemned its magical application - particularly to angelology. He also criticises Pico della Mirandola, Cornelius Agrippa and Francesco Gorgio with Robert Fludd as his main target. Fludd responded with Sophia cum moria certamen (1626), wherein Fludd admits his involvement with the Rosicrucians. The anonymous Summum bonum (1629), another critique of Mersenne, is an openly Rosicrucian text. The cabalist Jacques Gaffarel joined Fludd's side, while Pierre Gassendi defended Mersenne.

Quaestiones celeberrimae in Genesim (1623)
Mersenne is remembered today thanks to his association with the Mersenne primes. However, he was not primarily a mathematician; he wrote about music theory and other subjects. He edited works of Euclid, Archimedes, and other Greek mathematicians. But perhaps his most important contribution to the advance of learning was his extensive correspondence (in Latin, of course) with mathematicians and other scientists in many countries. At a time when the scientific journal had not yet come into being, Mersenne was the center of a network for exchange of information.
His philosophical works are characterized by wide scholarship and the narrowest theological orthodoxy. His greatest service to philosophy was his enthusiastic defence of Descartes, whose agent he was in Paris and whom he visited in exile in the Netherlands. He submitted to various eminent Parisian thinkers a manuscript copy of the Meditations on First Philosophy, and defended its orthodoxy against numerous clerical critics.
In later life, he gave up speculative thought and turned to scientific research, especially in mathematics, physics and astronomy. In this connection, his best known work is Traité de l'harmonie universelle (also referred to as Harmonie universelle) of 1636, dealing with the theory of music and musical instruments. It is regarded as a source of information on 17th century music, especially French music and musicians, to rival even the works of Pietro Cerone.
One of his many contributions to musical tuning theory was the suggestion of

as the ratio for an equally-tempered semitone. It was more accurate (0.44 cents sharp) than Vincenzo Galilei's 18/17 (1.05 cents flat), and could be constructed using straightedge and compass. Mersenne's description in the 1636 Harmonie universelle of the first absolute determination of the frequency of an audible tone (at 84 Hz) implies that he had already demonstrated that the absolute-frequency ratio of two vibrating strings, radiating a musical tone and its octave, is 1 : 2. The perceived harmony (consonance) of two such notes would be explained if the ratio of the air oscillation frequencies is also 1 : 2, which in turn is consistent with the source-air-motion-frequency-equivalence hypothesis.
See also: Equal temperament.

Other

Bohn, Dennis A. (1988). Environmental Effects on the Speed of Sound. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 36.4:223-231. Works by Mersenne

Adrien Baillet, Vie de Descartes (1691)
Poté, Éloge de Mersenne (1816)
Gehring, F. (1922) "Mersennus, Marin (le Père Mersenne)", Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (ed. J.A. Fuller Maitland)

Alan Bennett (born May 9, 1934) is an English author and Tony Award-winning actor.

Life and work

Peter Wolfe, Understanding Alan Bennett, University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 1-57003-280-7.
Alexander Games (2001). Backing Into The Limelight: The Biography of Alan Bennett. Headline. ISBN 0-7472-7030-9. 
Joseph H. O'Mealy, "Alan Bennett: A Critical Introduction," Routledge, 2001. Further reading

My Father Knew Lloyd George (also writer), 1965
Famous Gossips, 1965
Plato—The Drinking Party, 1965
Alice in Wonderland, 1966
On the Margin series (actor & writer), 1966-67
A Day Out (also writer), 1972
Sunset Across the Bay (also writer), 1975
A Little Outing (also writer), 1975
A Visit from Miss Prothero (writer), 1978
Me—I'm Afraid of Virginia Woolf (writer), 1978
Doris and Doreen (Green Forms) (writer), 1978
The Old Crowd (writer) with Lindsay Anderson (director), LWT 1979
Afternoon Off (writer), 1979
One Fine Day (writer), 1979
All Day On the Sands (writer), 1979
Objects of Affection (Our Winnie, A Woman of No Importance, Rolling Home, Marks, Say Something Happened, Intensive Care) (also writer), 1982
The Merry Wives of Windsor (actor), 1982
An Englishman Abroad (writer), 1983
The Insurance Man (writer), 1986
Breaking Up, 1986
Man and Music (narrator), 1986
Talking Heads (A Chip in the Sugar, Bed Among the Lentils, A Lady of Letters, Her Big Chance, Soldiering On, A Cream Cracker Under the Settee) (also writer), 1987
Down Cemetery Road: The Landscape of Philip Larkin (presenter), 1987
Fortunes of War series (actor), 1987
Dinner at Noon (narrator), 1988
Poetry in Motion (presenter), 1990
102 Boulevard Haussmann (writer), 1990
A Question of Attribution (writer), 1991
Selling Hitler, 1991
Poetry in Motion 2 (presenter), 1992
Portrait or Bust (presenter), 1994
The Abbey (presenter), 1995
A Dance to the Music of Time (actor), 1997
Talking Heads 2, 1998
Telling Tales (writer, as himself), 2000 Television work

Long Shot, 1980
Dreamchild (voice only), 1985
The Secret Policeman's Ball, 1986
The Secret Policeman's Other Ball, 1982
A Private Function (screenplay), 1986
Pleasure at Her Majesty's, 1987
Prick Up Your Ears (screenplay), 1987
Little Dorrit, 1987
Wind in the Willows animated adaptation, 1994
Parson's Pleasure (writer), 1995
The Madness of King George (screenplay from his play "The Madness of George III"), 1995
The History Boys (screenplay, from his play of the same name), 2006 Radio

Better Late, 1959
Beyond the Fringe (also co-writer), 1960
The Blood of the Bambergs, 1962
A Cuckoo in the Nest, 1964
Forty Years On (also writer), 1968
Sing a Rude Song (co-writer), 1969
Getting On (writer), 1971
Habeas Corpus (also writer), 1973
The Old Country (writer), 1977
Enjoy (writer), 1980
Kafka's Dick (writer), 1986
A Visit from Miss Prothero (writer), 1987
Single Spies (An Englishman Abroad and A Question of Attribution) (also writer and director), 1988
The Wind in the Willows (adaptation), 1990
The Madness of George III (writer), 1991
Talking Heads (Waiting for the telegram, A Chip in the Sugar, Bed Among the Lentils, A Lady of Letters, Her Big Chance, Soldiering On, A Cream Cracker Under the Settee) (also writer), 1992
The History Boys (writer), 2004; Winner of Tony Award for Best Play, 2006. Publications
French
German
Italian

Soins intensifs, 2006
Der Rote Baron, Sein letzter Flug, 2001
Vater, Vater, lichterloh, 2002
Così fan tutte, (previously published as Alle Jahre wieder) 2003
Die Lady im Lieferwagen, 2004
Handauflegen, 2005
La pazzia di re Giorgio, 1996
Nudi e crudi, 2001
La cerimonia del massaggio, 2002
La signora nel furgone, 2003
Signore e signori, 2004
Scritto sul corpo, 2006
Il Letto di Lenticchie, ????

This article is about the American politician. For Bob Graham the English Lakeland fell-runner and his long-standing Lakeland 24-hour record see Bob Graham Round.
Daniel Robert Graham (born November 9, 1936) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Florida from 1987 to 2005 and the governor of that state from 1979 to 1987. Following a failed bid for the Democratic Party nomination in the 2004 presidential race, Graham was considered a possible running mate for John Kerry.
Graham dropped out of the race for the Democratic presidential nomination on October 6, 2003 and announced his retirement from the Senate on November 3, 2003.
Graham just finished serving a one-year term as an Institute of Politics Fellow at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. He is now concentrating his efforts on establishing the Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida.

Personal background
Graham is a Democrat who has never lost an election. He was first elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1966 and reelected in 1968. He was elected to the Florida State Senate in 1970 and was reelected 1974.

Political career
Bob Graham began Workdays in 1974, teaching a semester of civics at Miami Carol City Senior High School in Miami while serving in the Florida Senate. He performed 100 Workdays in 1986 during his first successful campaign for U.S. Senate. Since then, he has completed 386 Workdays, more than a year's worth of days spent laboring side-by-side with the people he represents. His Workdays are an extension of his belief in a personal style of governing.
Graham has continued doing Workdays throughout his tenure as governor and in the United States Senate. His jobs have included service as a police officer, busboy, railroad engineer, construction worker, fisherman, garbageman, factory worker, and teacher. On No. 365, he checked in customers, handled baggage and helped serve passengers on US Airways.

Workdays
Bob Graham was elected Governor of Florida in 1978 after a seven-way Democratic primary race in which he initially placed second to Robert L. Shevin. His supporters at the time dubbed themselves "Graham crackers." Graham was reelected in 1982 with 65% of the vote, defeating Republican Skip Bafalis. As governor he was probably best known for his failure to stop the Mariel Boatlift, pro-environmental policy, and overseeing resumption of the Florida Death Penalty (16 people were electrocuted when he was governor.)

Lieutenant Governor: Wayne Mixson
Secretary of State: George Firestone
Attorney General: Alan Becker (1978–82), Jim Smith (1982–86)
Treasurer: Bill Gunter
Comptroller: Gerald Lewis
Agriculture Commissioner: Doyle Conner
Education Commissioner: Ralph Turlington U.S. Senator
Graham announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2004 election on the Democratic ticket on February 27, 2003. However, on October 7, 2003, he announced (with polls showing him in last place among a field of ten candidates) he was ending his presidential campaign, saying he started his campaign too late and had trouble raising money. In November, he announced that he would not seek another term in the Senate.
After John Kerry became the presumptive Democratic nominee for president in March 2004, there was some discussion in the media that Graham might be on the short list of Kerry's choices for vice president, presumably at least in part because having Graham on the ticket could help Kerry win Florida in the presidential election. Shortly before Kerry chose Sen. John Edwards, the Kerry campaign printed "Kerry-Graham" posters and bumper stickers in case Edwards declined to be Kerry's running mate. Many wonder whether Graham's selection as a vice presidential candidate would have won Florida, and thus, the presidency, for the Democrats.

Presidential candidate
After teaching at Harvard University for the 2005–2006 academic year, Graham is now focused on founding two centers to train future political leaders, one at the University of Florida — where he earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1959 — and one in his hometown at University of Miami. The UF Center, known as the Bob Graham Center for Public Service[1], will be housed in the university's College of Liberal Arts and Sciences[2] and will provide students with opportunities to train for future leadership positions, meet current policymakers and take courses in critical thinking, language learning and studies of world cultures. Over the summer of 2006, ground broke on the construction of Pugh Hall on the UF campus — funded by longtime friend of Graham, Jim Pugh, and his wife Alexis — which will house the new center.
Graham is also currently writing a book on civic education and how a citizen can participate in our democracy in effective ways.

Business interests
On November 18, 2005, the Sunshine Skyway Bridge, which was rebuilt during Graham's time as Governor (supposedly with great input from him), was renamed the Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge by the Florida Legislature.
On May 6, 2006 at the Spring commencement for the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the University of Florida awarded Bob Graham an honorary doctorate, the Doctor of Public Service.

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Queer nationalism (also gay nationalism) is a phenomenon which is related both to nationalism and to gay and lesbian liberation movement. This form of gay and lesbian emancipation movement is based on the idea that homosexuals are not a group of humans with deviant sexual practices but a folk due to their specific culture and customs.

Queer Nation
First to recognize the "Queer Nation" as a new form of nationalism were Bérubé (1991) and Chee (1991).

All nationalisms began as social movements, which this is – it's a people set apart from those around them by "in-group attitudes and discrimination from others";
Homosexual community has a culture, with discussion groups, bookstores, magazines, bars, cabarets, etc.,
has a history (traceable back to ancient Greece at least),
has a literature,
seeks access to "certain key levers of the state" to ensure survival (particularly given how much under attack they are by, e.g., religious groups), is highly organized and able to create national identity.

Robert D. "Bob" Bullock (July 10, 1929 – June 18, 1999) was an American Democratic politician from Texas. With a political career spanning over forty years in Texas, Bullock ended this long career as Lieutenant Governor of Texas from 1991–1999 during the terms of Governors Ann Richards and George W. Bush.
After a stint as an assistant attorney general and in the private practice of law, Bullock returned to public life when he was appointed secretary of state, the state's chief elections and records officer, by Governor Preston Smith. Bullock left the post to prepare for a statewide race for State Comptroller in the 1974 Democratic primary and general election.
As state comptroller, Bullock was noted for his modernization of the office and for collecting taxes that had been previously uncollected for many years. The tax officials doing such duties became known as "Bullock raiders." Bullock was also the first elected state official to adopt an equal opportunity employment program. Bullock held the comptroller's office from 1975–1991, when he ran a successful race to replace retiring Lt. Gov. Bill Hobby.
As Lieutenant Governor, he professed a nonpartisan approach to lawmaking, often telling members of the Texas Senate to leave their politics at the door. Bullock unofficially endorsed Republican Governor George W. Bush's presidential campaign even before it got off the ground. At a November 8, 2006, post-election press conference, a reporter from the Austin American-Statesman, who had covered Bush's tenure as governor, asked Bush if he thought then U.S. House Speaker-elect Nancy Pelosi resembled Bullock. The President replied that the reporter's question was an inside joke. The question was a thinly-veiled reference to the close working relationship, well-known in Texas, to have existed between Republican Bush and Democrat Bullock; the reporter apparently was asking whether Bush would be capable of forging a similar bi-partisan relationship with the members of the new Democratic legislative majority in the U. S. Congress.
Bullock was renowned for his blunt and sometimes politically incorrect speaking style, but also for his trademark closing line "God bless Texas." A lover of Texas history, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Texas State History Museum, located just to the north of the State Capitol in Austin. Opened to the public on April 21, 2001 (San Jacinto Day) after Bullock's death, it was named in his honor. The second-floor lobby of the museum features a seven-foot-tall bronze statue of Bullock holding a giant gavel, next to a gallery of items and a video from his career in politics.
Born July 10, 1929, in Hillsboro, Bullock attended Hill College, Texas Tech University and Baylor. He received his bachelor's degree from Texas Tech University in 1955 and held a law degree from Baylor University. Bullock's political papers are housed in the Baylor University Collection of Politial Materials. Bullock also served in the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War. Bullock's adult life was marred by alcoholism and divorce; he had a total of five marriages, although some of them were repeats. He stopped drinking in 1981 and remained active with Alcoholics Anonymous for the remainder of his life. Bullock died June 18, 1999, in Austin, Texas. He is buried in the Texas State Cemetery.

English Jewish Literature:
(This page is part of the History of the Jews in England)

Some early works of the 13th century

History of the Jews in England
History of the Jews in England--Jews came to England with the Normans
History of the Jews in England--The Expulsion
History of the Jews in England--Maranos in England
History of the Jews in England--Menasseh Ben Israel's Mission
History of the Jews in England--The Jew Bill of 1753
History of the Jews in England--Other Influences on the Jewish Standing in the Community
History of the Jews in England--The Struggle for Emancipation
History of the Jews in Scotland

Capitol Broadcasting Tower Columbia is a 533.1 metre high guyed tower for TV transmission at Columbia, North Carolina, USA at 35°30′44″N, 78°58′41.0″W. Capitol Broadcasting Tower was built in 2000 and replaced the Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway damaged in a plane crash.
The tower which it replaced ( 35°30′45″N, 78°58′0″W) was also 533.1 metre high guyed tower for TV transmission built in 1985. It broadcast the signal of now defunct WKFT TV 40 licensed to Fayetteville and was utilized as an auxiliary broadcast tower for WRAL TV in Raleigh.
The tower was destroyed when a courier plane flew into it on March 14, 2002. The tower was replaced, but is no longer owned by Capitol Broadcasting. WKFT became a Univision affiliate and was rebranded as WUVC shortly after the tower was replaced.
The tower was (and still is) located near the Harnett-Lee County border. The tower is actually in Harnett County while the actual town of Broadway is in Lee County.

The first Space Shuttle mission, STS-1, was launched April 12, 1981, and returned April 14. Space Shuttle Columbia orbited the earth 36 times in this 54.5-hour mission. It was the first US manned space flight since the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in July 15, 1975.

Crew

Mass:

• Orbiter Liftoff: 219,256 lb (99,453 kg)
  Orbiter Landing: 195,466 lb (88,662 kg)
  DFI payload: 10,822 lb (4,909 kg)
  Perigee: 149 mi (240 km)
  Apogee: 156 mi (251 km)
  Inclination: 40.3°
  Period: 89.4 min Mission highlights
  STS-1 was the first test flight of what was, at the time, probably the most complex spacecraft ever built. There were numerous problems – 'anomalies' in NASA parlance – on the flight, as many systems could not be adequately tested on the ground or independently. Some of the more serious or interesting were:
  For a more complete list, see the STS-1 Anomaly Report, the source for most of the anomalies listed above.
  Despite these problems, STS-1 was a successful test, and in most respects Columbia came through with flying colors. After some modifications to the shuttle and to the launch and re-entry procedures, Columbia would fly the next four Shuttle missions.
  
  During reentry, a protruding tile gap filler ducted hot gas into the right main landing gear well, which caused significant damage including buckling of the landing gear door. Mission anomalies
  The artwork for the official mission insignia was designed by artist Robert McCall. It is a symbolic representation of the shuttle. The image does not depict the black wing roots present on the actual shuttle.
  
  Mission insignia
  Yuri's Night is an international celebration held on April 12 every year to commemorate the first human in space and the first Space Shuttle launch.
  In tribute to the 25th anniversary of the first flight of Space Shuttle, the firing room 1 in the Launch Control Center at Kennedy Space Center was renamed to the Young-Crippen Firing Room, dedicating the firing room that launched the historic flight and the crew of STS-1.
  NASA described the mission as: "The boldest test flight in history" [1].
  
  Anniversary
  The section could be improved by integrating relevant items into the main text and removing inappropriate items.
  
  The song "Countdown" by Rush from the 1982 album Signals was written about STS-1 and the inaugural Space Shuttle flight of Columbia. The song was "dedicated with thanks to astronauts Young & Crippen and all the people of NASA for their inspiration and cooperation". The song "Red Sector A" from their 1983 album Grace Under Pressure was named for the area where the band witnessed the launch.
  At one stage, NASA considered making STS-1 a test of the Return to Launch Site (RTLS) abort profile, which would have required Columbia to jettison the Solid Rocket Boosters at the normal separation altitude, fly downrange and pitch the Orbiter and External Tank over, resulting in the vehicle flying backwards with all three engines burning at the same time. Because the RTLS maneuver is considered very risky, Young declined, saying, "Let's not practice Russian roulette." This lack of paint gives the ET its distinctive orange color now associated with the Space Shuttle. Trivia
  IMAX cameras filmed the launch, landing, and mission control during the flight for a film entitled Hail Columbia!, which debuted in 1982. It is now available on DVD. The title of the film comes from the pre-1930s unofficial American national anthem, also titled Hail, Columbia.
  
  Hail Columbia! at the Internet Movie Database Hail Columbia!
  
  Space science
  Space shuttle thermal protection system
  List of space shuttle missions
  List of human spaceflights chronologically Media
  
  

Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories."
It can be seen as underpinning both theoretical physics and computational physics.

Scope of the subject
The great 17th century mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton developed a wealth of new mathematics, in an informal way, to solve problems in physics, including calculus and several numerical methods (most notably Newton's method). James Clerk Maxwell, Lord Kelvin,George Gabriel Stokes, William Rowan Hamilton, and J. Willard Gibbs were mathematical physicists who had a profound impact on 19th century science. Revolutionary mathematical physicists at the turn of the 20th century included the mathematician David Hilbert who devised the theory of Hilbert spaces for integral equations which would find a major application in quantum mechanics. Paul Dirac used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron. Albert Einstein's special relativity replaced the Galilean transformations of space and time with Lorentz transformations, and his general relativity replaced the flat geometry of the large scale universe by that of a Riemannian manifold, whose curvature replaced Newton's gravitational force. Other prominent mathematical physicists include Carl Friedrich Gauss, Jules-Henri Poincaré, Richard Feynman, Roger Penrose, and Satyendra Nath Bose. Carl Friedrich Gauss is largely considered to be one of the three greatest mathematicians of all time. His influence in mathematical physics is largely felt by his developing of the mathematical field non-Euclidean Geometry, which Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity as well as our understanding of the event horizon in black holes rely so heavily on.

Prominent mathematical physicists
The term 'mathematical' physics is also sometimes used in a special sense, to distinguish research aimed at studying and solving problems inspired by physics within a mathematically rigorous framework. Mathematical physics in this sense covers a very broad area of topics with the common feature that they blend pure mathematics and physics. Although related to theoretical physics, 'mathematical' physics in this sense emphasizes the mathematical rigour of the same type as found in mathematics. On the other hand, theoretical physics emphasizes the links to observations and experimental physics which often requires theoretical physicists (and mathematical physicists in the more general sense) to use heuristic, intuitive, and approximate arguments. Such arguments are not considered rigorous by mathematicians. Arguably, rigorous mathematical physics is closer to mathematics, and theoretical physics is closer to physics.
Such mathematical physicists primarily expand and elucidate physical theories. Because of the required rigor, these researchers often deal with questions that theoretical physicists have considered to already be solved. However, they can sometimes show (but neither commonly nor easily) that the previous solution was incorrect.
The field has concentrated in three main areas: (1) quantum field theory, especially the precise construction of models; (2) statistical mechanics, especially the theory of phase transitions; and (3) nonrelativistic quantum mechanics (Schrödinger operators), including the connections to atomic and molecular physics.
The effort to put physical theories on a mathematically rigorous footing has inspired many mathematical developments. For example, the development of quantum mechanics and some aspects of functional analysis parallel each other in many ways. The mathematical study of quantum statistical mechanics has motivated results in operator algebras. The attempt to construct a rigorous quantum field theory has brought about progress in fields such as representation theory. Use of geometry and topology plays an important role in string theory. The above are just a few examples. An examination of the current research literature would undoubtedly give other such instances.

Mathematically rigorous physics

Notes

The Classics

Sir Harold Jeffreys and Bertha Swirles (Lady Jeffreys), Methods of Mathematical Physics, third revised edition (Cambridge University Press, 1956 — reprinted 1999). ISBN 0-521-66402-0, ISBN 978-0-521-66402-8.
Eugene Butkov, Mathematical Physics. Addison Wesley, 1968.
Ivar Stakgold, Boundary Value Problems of Mathematical Physics. Vols. I and II. Macmillan, 1970.
Mary L. Boas, Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, 3 ed., 2005.
George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists. Academic Press, 1995.
Jon Mathews and R.L. Walker, Mathematical Methods of Physics, 2e, Addison-Wesley, 1970. ISBN 0-8053-7002-1

Early life and career
In 1987, Zahn accepted an offer to work at ABC News, initially anchoring The Health Show, a weekend program on health and medical issues. Within a few months she was co-anchoring World News This Morning, the network's early morning newscast, and anchoring news segments on Good Morning America.

ABC
Due to her work on Good Morning America, in 1990 she was offered a job at CBS News, which she took, co-anchoring CBS This Morning with Harry Smith. After changes were made at the morning show in 1996 she went on to work as anchor of the Saturday edition of the CBS Evening News, as well as substituting for Dan Rather during the week, and contributing reports to 48 Hours, Public Eye with Bryant Gumbel, and CBS News Sunday Morning. While with CBS, she also helped cover the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France with Tim McCarver, and the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway.

CBS
After nine years at CBS News, she moved to the world of cable news, joining Fox News Channel (FNC), where she anchored FOX Report, the network's nightly newscast. Months later, she helped launch her own prime time news program, The Edge with Paula Zahn. Two years later, FNC discovered she was in negotiations with CNN over a possible move there and fired her for what they alleged was a breach of her contract. A suit FNC filed against her agent was subsequently thrown out by a New York State Supreme Court judge. In the aftermath of this controversial departure, media reports noted a negative campaign against Zahn on the part of FNC, both on and off the air.

Fox News Channel
Zahn began her work at CNN on September 11, 2001, joining anchor Aaron Brown in the coverage of the events of that day. She began her scheduled morning shift the next day, and by January she launched her CNN morning news program titled American Morning with Paula Zahn. Over that first weekend of January 2002, CNN aired an advertisement for American Morning which called Zahn "sexy" and paired the adjective with a "needle pulled off record" sound effect some interpreted to be a zipper opening. The ad was quickly pulled after the network received significant criticism for what was considered an undignified and sexist portrayal of a serious journalist. CNN attributed the ad's content to a lack of oversight.
In 2003, during the war in Iraq, Zahn moved back to prime time, hosting a two-hour program labeled Live from the Headlines which offered continuing coverage of the war and other events. Anderson Cooper took over the first of the two hours by early summer, and by September, her show Paula Zahn NOW premiered.
On July 24, 2007, Zahn announced that August 2, 2007 would be her last day at the network. The announcement came less than a day after CNN hired Campbell Brown, the former co-host of Weekend Today. Brown is expected to take Zahn's timeslot.

Future plans
Zahn has three children, and was married to Richard Cohen, a New York City real estate developer. The couple was in the news when there was an attempt to remove the nest of the well publicized Pale Male from their co-op building in 2004. and has been an active advocate for issues of cancer awareness in general, and breast cancer in particular.